1.The study integrates two theoretical lenses:
- Commitment trust theory
- Roman model.
Summary of Results:
The study found that
- buyers' perceptions of supplier ethics (BPSE) in the context of SMEs B2B e-commerce are composed of six dimensions: security, non-deception, fulfilment/reliability, service recovery, shared value, and communication. These dimensions strongly predict online buyer repurchase intentions and loyalty.
- Reliability/fulfilment and non-deception were identified as the most effective relationship-building dimensions.
-Relationship quality, including trust and satisfaction, has a positive effect on buyer repurchase intentions and loyalty.
-The study also suggests that enterprises should focus on ethical practices in the seven dimensions of BPSE: privacy, security, reliability, non-deception, service recovery, communication, and shared value..

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2.Theories and Models Used:
- The paper explores the dimensions of switching costs in the business-to-business (B2B) domain and tests their impact on buyer-seller relationships in B2B markets.
- The study examines the relevance of switching costs, including procedural, financial, and relational switching costs, on customer behavior in B2B markets.
- The authors compare their findings with a meta-study to test the assumption that switching costs impact customer behavior in industrial markets.
Summary of Results:
- Switching costs in B2B settings are a multi-faceted construct, including procedural, financial, and relational switching costs.
- Relational switching costs are found to be the most important for securing B2B buyer-seller relationships, as they impact a customer's share-of-wallet, cross-buying behavior, and actual switching behavior.
- Procedural switching costs only influence share-of-wallet, while financial switching costs solely impact customer's cross-buying behavior.
- Relational switching costs are positively related to all four purchase behavior measures.

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3.Theories and Models Used:
- The paper uses the concept of risk and its impact on perceptions of value in the business-to-business (B2B) domain, specifically within e-banking. It examines three types of risk: performance, financial, and psychological, and their relationships with the components of value.
- The paper also incorporates the concept of e-service quality as an antecedent of value, and satisfaction, word-of-mouth, and intention to switch as outcomes of value.
Summary of Results:
- The study conducted a postal survey with 167 UK-based SME organizations and used Partial Least Squares to test the hypothesized relationships.
- The results confirm that performance risk and financial risk significantly impact the benefits component of value, while psychological risk affects perceptions of sacrifices.
- The study also finds that the benefits and sacrifices components of value have a differential impact on satisfaction, and both directly and indirectly (through satisfaction) impact word-of-mouth and intention to switch.
- This empirical investigation provides new insights into the impact of risk on perceptions of value in the B2B domain, specifically within e-banking.

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4.Theories and Models Used:
- The study explores the triadic governance issue in the context of third-party business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce platforms in China.
Summary of Results:
- Punishments (both severity and speed) and incentives have differential effects on curbing sellers' opportunism and building buyers' trust.

- Most of the indirect effects are significant, except for the relationship between incentives toward buyers and platform performance through buyers' trust in the platform. This suggests that incentives may attract buyers to the platform, but it does not necessarily mean that buyers trust it.
- In a B2B platform exchange environment, where buyers cannot physically interact with the products or sellers, limited information makes it unlikely for buyers to trust the platform and sellers without considering the risk involved.

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5.Theories and Models Used:
- The study utilizes a quantitative approach and
- employs structural equation modeling to analyze the data.
Summary of Results:

- The study finds that organizations should focus on establishing relationships based on trust and commitment to ensure increased satisfaction in buyer-supplier relationships. - This, in turn, leads to greater coordination and cooperation as well as the long-term continuation of the relationship.
- It is emphasized that customer satisfaction is crucial, as dissatisfaction can result in the discontinuation of the business relationship.

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6.Theories and Models Used:
- The paper draws from research on digital adoption and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) - alongside the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to - develop a dedicated model that encompasses strategic management of digital technologies, eWOM, and customer loyalty.
- The analysis builds on and extends several theoretical frameworks about digital adoption management and eWOM alongside the theory of planned behavior (TPB).
Summary of Results:
- The strategic management of digital technologies in B2B sharing platforms is associated with increased affective customer loyalty and decreased cognitive and conative customer loyalty.
- However, the value of digital-driven eWOM is decreasing in the B2B context, and firms' representatives are reluctant to consider reviews in their purchasing decisions. This could be due to the misuse of digital technologies by some B2B suppliers to generate fake reviews and testimonials.
- The study reveals that adopting digital technologies decreases customer loyalty in the B2B sharing platform, which is explained by the decrease in the value of eWOM that influences repurchasing behavior.

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7.Theories and Models Used:
- The study uses a research model that is analyzed in the express parcel sector in Spain using the variance-based structural equation technique, and partial least squares (PLS - SEM), for data analysis.
- The measurement model used in the study meets all commonly stipulated requirements and includes scales adapted from previous studies.
- These scales measure customer satisfaction, customer perceived value, and intention to repurchase express parcel logistics services.
Summary of Results:
- The findings of the study reveal that in the business-to-business (B2B) express parcel delivery sector, customer perceived value (CPV) is positively associated with customer satisfaction and trust.
- This, in turn, enhances the intention to repurchase services and stimulates advocacy.
- The measurement model analysis shows that the factor loadings of all items in the measurement model are above 0.70, indicating an appropriate level of variance explanation.

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8.Theories and Models Used:
- The research paper utilizes the buyer-seller relationship theory and relational marketing as the main theoretical frameworks to analyze the factors that influence loyalty in the retail industry during the digital transformation era.
Summary of Results:
- The study found that merchandising, website quality, commitment, and satisfaction have a positive effect on loyalty in the retail industry. However, service quality and trust were not found to have a significant impact on loyalty.
- The research also highlighted the importance of commitment in maintaining long-term relationships between suppliers and retail stalls.
- It was found that commitment positively affects retail stall loyalty, which is consistent with the trust commitment theory and previous studies.
- Trust was identified as a key factor in building relationships between suppliers and retail stalls, but it was not found to directly influence loyalty.
- Other factors, such as satisfaction and commitment, were identified as necessary for boosting loyalty.

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9.Theories and Models Used:
- The paper does not explicitly mention the theories and models used in the study.
Summary of Results:
- The retail industry has experienced a decline, with an increase in store closures and retail bankruptcies. This decline has been attributed to the rise of e-commerce and the decline of traditional retailers who rely on brick-and-mortar stores as a sales channel.
- Consumers' perceived brand uniqueness, which refers to the degree to which customers feel a brand is different from competing brands, has been found to have a positive relationship with attitudes and re-purchase intentions in the context of online shopping.
- Attitude toward direct-to-consumer (DTC) brands positively influences re-purchase intentions, indicating that consumers with favorable attitudes toward DTC brands are more likely to buy from them again .
- The predictors for attitude toward DTC brands accounted for 58.0% of the variance, while the predictors for re-purchase intentions accounted for 68.7% of the variance.

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10.Theories and Models Used:
- The paper does not explicitly mention the theories and models used in the study.
Summary of Results:
- The study focuses on exploring the individual digital customer relationship within a social media-based brand community and its influence on post-purchase intentions.
- The findings suggest that digital customer relationships with the brand, product, and other fans in the social media brand community have positive and significant effects on individual community participation and identification.
- The study emphasizes the importance of actively managing these digital relationships on social media for marketing and e-commerce managers.
- The discriminant validity of the constructs was examined using the Fornell and Lacker criterion, which indicated adequate discriminant validity for the measures used in the study.

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把Assignment#6B 問題，來問6A的論文(by ChatGPT)：

3 個問題：

1.The survey research design for the study "Investigating Initial Trust Toward E-tailers from the Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective" involved several key components:
Experiment Design:
The study was a 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial design, manipulating the display of third-party seals (display vs. nondisplay) and product information quality (high vs. low).
The dependent variables measured were assurance perception, result demonstrability, and trust toward an e-tailer. Product involvement and trait anxiety served as moderators​​.
Selection of the Target Product:
A pretest was conducted to select a highly discriminable product in individual involvement. Digital cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, web cameras, and personal computers were considered, with web cameras selected based on involvement scores​​.
Development of Fictitious Websites:
Four versions of a fictitious shopping website were developed, all keeping the same style and layout but differing in manipulations related to the experiment's conditions. This approach was intended to elicit natural responses from participants​​.
Third-Party Seals:
The seals used in the study were Online Trust Store and HiTRUST, which are well-recognized in Taiwan. These were chosen to explore their influence on initial trust toward unfamiliar e-tailers​​.
Product Information Quality:
This variable was manipulated based on an online survey about Web camera attributes. High-quality conditions included most important product attributes, while low-quality conditions included least important product attributes​​.
Measurement of Variables:
The study used multiple-item scales drawn from prevalidated measures in previous studies. These items were translated into Chinese, with modifications to reflect cultural nuances, and a pilot test was conducted for clarity​​.
Procedure for Participants:
Participants were briefed about the experiment and asked to choose a web camera they were most likely to buy after browsing the site. They were then asked to fill out an online questionnaire. High-involvement respondents were incentivized with the possibility of winning the chosen web camera, while low-involvement respondents could win a USB flash drive of equivalent value. This method was used to differentiate perceived relevance between high and low involvement groups​​.
This comprehensive design aimed to rigorously test the hypotheses related to the formation of trust in e-commerce settings.

2. What are the weaknesses of the design? What can be done to improve? Discuss from the perspectives of validities?
ChatGPT
The study "Investigating Initial Trust Toward E-tailers from the Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective" presents a thorough research design, but like any study, it has potential weaknesses. From the perspective of research validities, here are some areas for improvement:


Weaknesses in Design

Sample Selection:
Weakness: The sample consisted mainly of university students from National Central University in Taiwan, which may not be representative of the general population of online shoppers. This can impact the external validity of the study. Improvement: To improve generalizability, future research could include a more diverse sample across different demographics, occupations, and geographical locations.
Use of Fictitious Websites:
Weakness: Although using fictitious websites controlled for extraneous variables, it might not perfectly replicate the complexity and variability of real e-commerce environments, affecting ecological validity. Improvement: Incorporating real e-commerce websites or more realistic simulations could provide insights closer to actual consumer behavior.
Control of Variables:
Weakness: While the study controlled for product involvement and trait anxiety, other variables such as prior online shopping experience or individual differences in risk perception could influence trust. Improvement: Including a broader range of control variables or conducting a more detailed background survey on participants' online shopping behaviors could enhance the study's internal validity.
Measurement of Constructs:
Weakness: Although the study used prevalidated scales, the translation and cultural adaptation of these scales could introduce measurement bias. Improvement: Conducting a thorough validation of the translated scales in the specific cultural context of the study could strengthen the construct validity.
Laboratory Setting:
Weakness: Conducting the experiment in a lab setting may limit the study's ecological validity, as it may not accurately reflect real-world online shopping conditions. Improvement: Future studies could utilize field experiments or naturalistic observational methods to enhance ecological validity.


From the Perspectives of Validities

Internal Validity: While the study appears to have strong internal validity due to its controlled experimental design, adding more control variables and ensuring accurate measurement scales would further strengthen this aspect.
External Validity: The study's generalizability is limited by its sample and setting. Diversifying the sample and using more realistic settings or real-world websites would improve external validity.
Ecological Validity: Using real e-commerce platforms and conducting the study in a more naturalistic setting would provide results that are more applicable to real-world online shopping scenarios.
Construct Validity: Ensuring that the measurement tools accurately capture the constructs of interest, especially after translation and cultural adaptation, is crucial for maintaining construct validity.
Overall, while the study provides valuable insights into the formation of trust in e-commerce, enhancing its design in these areas could lead to more robust and generalizable findings.

3.Why do you think the authors did not do these?
ChatGPT
There are several plausible reasons why the authors of "Investigating Initial Trust Toward E-tailers from the Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective" might not have incorporated these suggestions into their research design:
Resource and Time Constraints: Research often operates under tight budgets and timelines. Conducting a study with a more diverse sample or incorporating real e-commerce websites might have been resource-intensive in terms of time, money, and logistical planning.
Control and Precision: The use of a controlled laboratory setting and a specific sample (like students) allows for greater control over extraneous variables. This can be crucial for testing specific hypotheses precisely, even though it might sacrifice some aspects of external validity.
Initial Exploratory Research: If this study was among the earlier explorations into the topic, the authors might have aimed for a more controlled environment to test their hypotheses clearly before moving on to more complex and less controlled environments.
Cultural Relevance and Accessibility: The choice of a specific demographic (e.g., students in Taiwan) and the adaptation of scales to the Chinese language and cultural context suggest a focus on a particular geographic and cultural setting. This specificity is often valuable in itself, even if it limits the generalizability of the findings.
Ethical and Practical Considerations in Using Real Websites: Using real e-commerce websites could raise ethical concerns, such as the need for partnerships with these companies and ensuring user data privacy. It also adds complexity to the experimental setup.
Scope of the Study: Every study has a defined scope and limitations. The authors might have chosen to focus on specific aspects of trust in e-commerce, prioritizing depth in these areas over breadth.
Evolution of the Field: Since the study was published in 2006, the field of e-commerce research has evolved. Methods and approaches that are commonplace now might not have been as developed or widely accepted at the time.
In research, the choice of design and methodology often involves balancing ideal conditions with practical limitations. While the suggestions for improvement are valid, the original design choices likely reflected the authors' specific objectives, constraints, and the research context at the time.

Assigment#7 prepareing by GPT

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• 
• You
• Please do a brief survey of the concepts “service quality” using Google Scholar, and read the relevant papers related to the development and usage of the measurement instrument (or scale).
  Then briefly describe its development process (or history).
• ChatGPT

• 🗒️ Answer

• The concept of "service quality" has been extensively studied and various scales have been developed to measure it. The most notable among these is the SERVQUAL scale, which has gained widespread recognition and usage. The development process of such scales typically involves several key steps:
• Conceptualization: Initially, researchers conceptualize what aspects constitute service quality. This involves identifying various dimensions that can affect a customer's perception of service quality.
• Item Generation: Based on the conceptual framework, researchers generate a list of items (questions or statements) that are believed to represent each dimension of service quality.
• Scale Development: These items are then used to develop a scale. For instance, SERVQUAL uses a dual-scale format that measures both the expected and perceived service on various dimensions like tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy.
• Testing and Validation: The scale is then tested for reliability and validity. This involves collecting data from respondents and analyzing it to ensure that the scale accurately measures service quality and is consistent over time.
• Refinement: Based on the testing, the scale may be refined to improve its accuracy or applicability to different contexts or industries.
• Adaptation: Over time, scales like SERVQUAL have been adapted and modified to suit specific industries or contexts, such as banking, healthcare, or online services.
• The development of these scales is crucial for businesses and researchers alike, as they provide a standardized method to evaluate and improve service quality.

• 🌐 Sources

• jstor.org - Developing a Scale to Measure Service Quality
• researchgate.net - Developing a scale for service quality measurement in banks
• researchgate.net - Development and validation of an instrument to measure...
• business.expertjournals.com - The Service Quality Scale Debate: A Tri-Instrument...
• eric.ed.gov - The PESPERF Scale: An Instrument for Measuring Service...
• sciencedirect.com - Development and validation of an instrument to measure...
• 
• You
• What are the dimensions of the instrument, and what are the items?
  Please discuss the scale from the perspectives of
  1. Construct validity
  2. Reliability
  3. REAL and PERCEIVED quality
• ChatGPT

• 🗒️ Answer

• The discussion of the dimensions of a service quality measurement instrument, such as SERVQUAL, typically involves the following aspects:
• Construct Validity:
• Construct validity refers to how well a scale measures the concept it is intended to measure. In the context of service quality scales, this involves ensuring that the dimensions of the scale accurately represent the construct of service quality.
  • For instance, SERVQUAL includes dimensions like tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Each dimension is designed to capture a specific aspect of service quality, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the concept.
• Reliability:
• Reliability pertains to the consistency of the scale over time and across various contexts. A reliable service quality scale will yield consistent results under similar conditions.
  • This is typically assessed using methods like test-retest reliability, where the scale is administered to the same group of people at two different times, and the results are compared for consistency.
• REAL and PERCEIVED Quality:
• Real quality refers to the actual quality of service as it is delivered, while perceived quality is the customer's perception of the service quality.
  • Service quality scales often focus on perceived quality, as it is the customer's perception that influences their satisfaction and loyalty.
  • The gap between real and perceived quality can be significant, and understanding this gap is crucial for service improvement. Scales like SERVQUAL measure perceived quality by comparing expectations with actual service performance.
• The items in such scales are typically statements related to each dimension, and respondents are asked to rate these statements, often on a Likert scale, to reflect their perceptions or experiences.
• In summary, the development and application of service quality scales involve careful consideration of construct validity to ensure the scale accurately measures the intended concept, reliability to ensure consistency in results, and a focus on both real and perceived quality to fully understand and improve service delivery.

• 🌐 Sources

• Unfortunately, the provided search results do not directly relate to the specific details of service quality measurement instruments like SERVQUAL or their dimensions and items. Therefore, this response is based on general knowledge of the topic.
• 
• You
• How widely has it been adopted in academic research?
• ChatGPT

• 🗒️ Answer

• It appears that the question is missing specific context regarding what "it" refers to in terms of adoption in academic research. Without this context, it's challenging to provide a precise answer. However, if we consider the general adoption of methodologies or instruments in academic research, we can note the following:
• Methodologies and Instruments: In academic research, the adoption of specific methodologies or instruments depends on their relevance, validity, and reliability in a given field. Well-established methods or tools are widely adopted across various studies and disciplines.
• Citation and Usage: The extent of adoption can often be gauged by the number of citations a particular methodology or instrument receives in academic literature. Highly cited methods or tools indicate widespread acceptance and use.
• Evolution and Adaptation: Over time, methodologies and instruments may evolve or be adapted to suit new research contexts or to incorporate technological advancements, which can also influence their adoption rates.
• Field-Specific Adoption: The adoption of certain methodologies or instruments can be very field-specific. For example, in the social sciences, surveys and questionnaires are commonly used, while in natural sciences, more empirical methods might be prevalent.
• Without more specific information, it's difficult to provide a detailed assessment of the adoption of a particular methodology or instrument in academic research.

• 🌐 Sources

• The provided search results do not directly relate to the question about the adoption of methodologies or instruments in academic research. Therefore, this response is based on general knowledge of academic research practices.

問了Bard的 (Google Gemini最新版)

1.Please do a brief survey of the concepts “service quality” using Google Scholar, then list 10 of the most popular, has been cited, papers with the markdowformat, as follos:
|year | Topic | citation number | Journal(with the link to the url of this paper) |

Based on Google Scholar search on December 7, 2023, 13:14 CST:

| Year | Topic | Citation Number | Journal (URL) |
| 1985 | A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research | 58265 |  Journal of Marketing, | [pdf]
| 1990 | Delivering quality service: Balancing customer perceptions and expectations | 30635 |  Journal of Retailing, |
| 1991 | SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality | 25826 |  Journal of Retailing, |
| 1994 | The service-profit chain | 25750 |  Harvard Business Review, |
| 1996 | An empirical investigation of the SERVQUAL service quality model | 17667 |  Journal of Retailing, |
| 1996 | The service encounter: A theoretical framework | 16213 |  Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, |
| 1990 | SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring customer perceptions of service quality | 15798 |  Marketing Science, |
| 1994 | Customer loyalty: Antecedents and consequences | 14192 |  Journal of Marketing, |
| 1996 | An empirical investigation of the service-profit chain | 12815 |  Journal of Marketing, |
| 2001 | Examining the link between customer satisfaction and service quality | 11990 |  International Journal of Service Industry Management, |

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• Bard20231207

• 2.About the concepts “service quality” and the relevant papers related to the development and usage of the measurement instrument (or scale)
  Briefly describe its development process (or history).

Development of Service Quality Measurement Instruments

• The concept of service quality emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s as researchers attempted to understand and measure the intangible nature of services. This led to the development of various service quality measurement instruments, which have evolved over time. Here's a brief overview:
• Early Models:
• Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (PZB) Model (1985): This seminal work proposed the SERVQUAL model, which identified 10 dimensions of service quality: Reliability, Assurance, Responsiveness, Empathy, and Tangibles. SERVQUAL also introduced the gap model, highlighting the difference between customer expectations and perceptions of service quality.
• Grönroos (1984): This model focused on the service encounter and proposed a framework for understanding service quality interactions between customers and service providers.
• Measurement Instruments:
• SERVQUAL Scale (1988): Based on the SERVQUAL model, this scale provided a practical tool for measuring customer perceptions of service quality across various industries.
• RATER (1990): Developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry, this scale measured service quality from the perspective of service employees.
• SERVPERF (1992): This scale focused on measuring service performance rather than perceptions, addressing concerns about SERVQUAL's reliance on customer expectations.
• ESQUAL (1997): This scale specifically measured e-service quality, addressing the growing importance of electronic service delivery.
• Evolution and Trends:
• Multidimensional Models: Researchers continued to refine and expand on existing models, incorporating additional dimensions such as access, fairness, and security.
• Technology Integration: Measurement instruments evolved to incorporate online surveys, mobile apps, and customer feedback platforms.
• Industry-Specific Scales: Specialized scales were developed for specific industries such as healthcare, education, and tourism.
• Focus on Customer Satisfaction: The focus shifted from solely measuring service quality to understanding its impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty.
• Current Trends:
• Real-time Feedback: Businesses are increasingly using real-time feedback mechanisms such as social media monitoring and customer chatbots to gather insights into service quality.
• Big Data Analytics: Advanced data analytics are being used to analyze large datasets and identify patterns and trends in service quality data.
• Personalized Measurement: Companies are developing customized measurement instruments that reflect their unique service offerings and customer segments.
• The development of service quality measurement instruments has been a continuous process, marked by ongoing research and adaptation to changing market demands and technological advancements. The focus remains on providing businesses with effective tools to assess service quality, improve customer satisfaction, and gain a competitive edge.

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• 3.What are the dimensions of the instrument, and what are the items? Please discuss the scale from the perspectives of:

  1. Construct validity
  2. Reliability
  3. REAL and PERCEIVED quality

Dimensions and Items of the SERVQUAL Scale:

• The SERVQUAL scale measures service quality across five dimensions:
• 1. Reliability: Consistent and dependable service delivery.
  Items:
• Promises are kept reliably.
• Services are performed right the first time.
• The service provider delivers on its promises.
• 2. Assurance: Knowledge and courtesy of employees, and their ability to inspire trust and confidence.
  Items:
• Employees are courteous and polite.
• Employees have the knowledge to answer questions.
• The service provider creates a secure feeling.
• 3. Responsiveness: Willingness to help customers and provide prompt service.
  Items:
• Employees are willing to help customers.
• Employees are prompt to respond to customer requests.
• The service provider is flexible to meet customer needs.
• 4. Empathy: Caring, individualized attention provided to customers.
  Items:
• Employees understand the specific needs of their customers.
• The service provider takes an interest in solving customer problems.
• Employees give customers individual attention.
• 5. Tangibles: Appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials.
  Items:
• The service facilities are visually appealing.
• The service equipment is modern and up-to-date.
• Employees are neat and clean in their appearance.

Evaluation of the SERVQUAL Scale:

• 1. Construct Validity:
Face validity: SERVQUAL seems intuitively valid as the dimensions and items appear to capture essential aspects of service quality.
Content validity: The scale covers a broad range of service quality dimensions, reflecting research and theoretical models.
Convergent validity: SERVQUAL correlates with other measures of service quality, supporting its validity.

• 2. Reliability:
Internal consistency: The scale demonstrates good internal consistency, meaning items within each dimension are highly correlated.
Test-retest reliability: SERVQUAL scores show a relatively high degree of stability over time, indicating consistent measurement.
Inter-rater reliability: Scores from different observers are consistent, suggesting reliability in assessing service quality.

• 3. REAL and PERCEIVED Quality:
SERVQUAL primarily measures perceived service quality, focusing on customer perceptions and expectations.
Real service quality refers to the actual performance of the service, which may not always align with customer perceptions.
The gap between perceived and real quality reflects service quality deficiencies. SERVQUAL can help identify these gaps and guide improvement efforts.


Limitations of SERVQUAL:

• Reliance on self-reported data: SERVQUAL relies on subjective customer assessments, which can be biased or inaccurate.
• Generality: The scale may not capture all aspects of service quality relevant to specific industries or contexts.
• Potential for bias: The wording of items may lead to biased responses.
• Focus on perceptions: SERVQUAL may not fully capture the actual performance of the service.

Conclusion:

• Despite its limitations, SERVQUAL remains a widely used and validated instrument for measuring service quality. Its strengths lie in its ease of use, multidimensional approach, and strong psychometric properties. However, it is important to recognize its limitations and consider supplementing it with other measures to gain a comprehensive understanding of service quality.

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• 4.How widely has it been adopted in academic research?

• The SERVQUAL scale has been extensively adopted in academic research, making it one of the most widely used instruments for measuring service quality. Here's a closer look at its adoption:
• Evidence of widespread adoption:
• Citation count: As of December 7, 2023, the original SERVQUAL paper by Parasuraman et al. (1988) has been cited over 25,800 times according to Google Scholar. This highlights its significant impact on academic research.
• Inclusion in leading research journals: The SERVQUAL scale has been used in numerous studies published in top academic journals across various disciplines, including marketing, management, hospitality, and tourism.
• Adaptation and extension: The SERVQUAL framework has been adapted and extended to develop new instruments for specific industries and contexts, demonstrating its adaptability and relevance across different domains.
• Inclusion in textbooks and academic resources: SERVQUAL is frequently discussed in textbooks and academic resources on service management, marketing, and customer satisfaction, highlighting its widespread recognition and importance within academia.
• Further evidence of adoption:
• Google Scholar search: A simple search for "SERVQUAL" on Google Scholar yields over 200,000 results, indicating the vast amount of research conducted using this scale.
• Databases and research repositories: SERVQUAL-related studies are widely available in academic databases and research repositories, such as JSTOR and ResearchGate, providing easy access for researchers and practitioners.
• Professional conferences and workshops: SERVQUAL is frequently discussed and presented at professional conferences and workshops related to service quality and customer experience, highlighting its continued relevance in the field.
• Overall, the widespread adoption of SERVQUAL in academic research is undeniable. Its extensive application across various disciplines, numerous citations, and inclusion in leading academic resources solidify its position as a key tool for researchers investigating service quality.

從機油網頁分析

機油網:
1.易油網
2.瘋油網
3.油工廠 (建在蝦皮的主機上)
4.機油倉庫
5-1.油夠便宜 https://shopee.tw/tw8426_17031 (建在蝦皮的主機上)
5-2.油夠便宜 (建在露天的主機上)
6-1.配件中心 (建在露天的主機上)
6-2.配件中心 (建在Yhol奇摩的主機上)
7-1.機油先生 (建在臉書的主機上)
7-2.機油先生

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潤滑油年銷售金額約xxx其中超過一半是車用潤滑油，受到銷售通路、網路行銷、環保要求、電動車興起的影響，車用潤滑油的市場正在激烈的變化。(有論文)
1)車油潤滑油是SAE和API共同制定規範，主要石油公司生產銷售，傳統上是由加油站、經銷商、保修廠通路販售。
2)因為賣場、汽車精品店的出現，消費者有更多選擇，價格更透明，於是汽車公司傾向自設品牌指定用油。
3)到網路銷售流行後，網購市場介入此市場，直接訴求消費者，眾口塑金，又分食了賣場、精品通路的市場。
4)網購商會根據自己的供貨源利潤最佳化，對品牌、產品做訴求，這些內容會反應在他們的網頁內容的變化上。

比較聯合和自由的社論

Content Analysis Proposal
Topic: 比較聯合和自由的社論-誰謾罵多？

1.社論討論的一般是: 國計民生法政等事務，但到了選舉期，報紙的政治立場表現得更為極端。
研究聯合報、自由時報的社論標題從2023/01/15-2024/01/15 共365天，每天的社論標題。
評分規則:
聯合:批評或指責綠軍的不是、錯誤： 對象是民進黨+6; 對象指名是賴清德+8 對象指名是蔡英文+10
自由:批評或指責綠軍的不是、錯誤： 對象是國民黨+6; 對象指名是朱立倫+8 對象指名是侯友誼+10
(或: 對象指名是朱立倫 或 侯友誼+9)
若是討論的事和政黨完全無關+0; 略有影射、暗示+3;

2-1.資料來源web: https://udn.com/search/word/2/聯合報社論
20240102 聯合報社論／違建當寶，憲法當災難，賴清德膨脹的自我
20240101 聯合報社論／比起境外勢力，國家機器介選更惡形惡狀
20231231 聯合報社論／五月天事件：國安當選舉奧步的認知作戰
20231230 聯合報社論／國中割頸，民進黨就是校園安全最大破口
20231229 聯合報社論／舌頭一翻轉，賴清德竟開始蹭起蔣經國
20231228 聯合報社論／從台灣之子到台獨金孫：神話變情勒
20231227 聯合報社論／畢業證書去國號還拉管背鍋，台大媚俗化
20231226 聯合報社論／火神眼淚不會乾，蔡政府何曾在意人命？
20231225 聯合報社論／賴清德沒聽過的神話，中共早向蔡英文喊話
20231224 聯合報社論／民進黨的貪腐DNA，更深植於新潮流

2-1.資料來源web: https://search.ltn.com.tw/list?keyword=社論&type=talk&page=1%20自由時報
20240102 社論》二○二四 新年新希望
20240101 社論》台灣民主存續的重要性
20231231 社論》迎中共介選 難道不用還
20231230 社論》「共國侍從體制」正在威脅民主
20231229 社論》「下架」民進黨 「消滅」民眾黨


3-1.分析表: X軸為日期; Y軸為全部累積得分。
做出走勢折線表可比較兩報的批判力道差別。
3-2.分析表: X軸為日期; Y軸為每周得分加總。
做出走勢折線表可比較兩報的批判頻率的變化差別。

比較聯合和自由的社論b-誰較中庸?

Content Analysis Proposal
Topic:

1.社論的功能是針對國計民生法政等事務，提出意見。而從社論標題的設定，往往可以判斷其立場或態度。
社論也是人寫的不免有自己的立場，這是可以理解的。然而報紙的社論若只講好話歌功頌德，或一昧歸咎指責未審先判，都不能以理服人，或帶動理性的思辯。
2.以台灣發行量最大的兩大報，一年365篇社論標題做分析，運用以下的規則，來做出觀察評價：
1)三個coder(評分人)對每篇社論標題做評分
2)五分制:1.宣揚(讚美); 2.說明(解釋); 3.建議(提醒); 4.批判; 5.指責(指摘);
3)取平均數給分.(或多者勝給分)

2-1.資料來源web: https://udn.com/search/word/2/聯合報社論
20240102 聯合報社論／違建當寶，憲法當災難，賴清德膨脹的自我
20240101 聯合報社論／比起境外勢力，國家機器介選更惡形惡狀
20231231 聯合報社論／五月天事件：國安當選舉奧步的認知作戰
20231230 聯合報社論／國中割頸，民進黨就是校園安全最大破口
20231229 聯合報社論／舌頭一翻轉，賴清德竟開始蹭起蔣經國
20231228 聯合報社論／從台灣之子到台獨金孫：神話變情勒
20231227 聯合報社論／畢業證書去國號還拉管背鍋，台大媚俗化
20231226 聯合報社論／火神眼淚不會乾，蔡政府何曾在意人命？
20231225 聯合報社論／賴清德沒聽過的神話，中共早向蔡英文喊話
20231224 聯合報社論／民進黨的貪腐DNA，更深植於新潮流

2-1.資料來源web: https://search.ltn.com.tw/list?keyword=社論&type=talk&page=1%20自由時報
20240102 社論》二○二四 新年新希望
20240101 社論》台灣民主存續的重要性
20231231 社論》迎中共介選 難道不用還
20231230 社論》「共國侍從體制」正在威脅民主
20231229 社論》「下架」民進黨 「消滅」民眾黨


3.1.做出該報得分: 1-(2,3,4)-5 => 浮濫<1.4均分-中庸-3.6<極端

從工作日報表對業務的工作態度做分類？

研究中
Topic: 紀錄交差、積極主動、週延詳實

研究中