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This empirical study focuses on the field of reverse logistics within the context of green supply chain management. It examines the effects of five commonly adopted disposition options (repair, recondition, remanufacture, recycle, and disposal) on measures of environmental performance, profitability, and sales growth. The study also investigates the moderating role of regulatory and ownership pressures on the relationship between each disposition option and performance levels.

Dependent Variable:

Environmental Performance: This is one of the dependent variables, and the study seeks to understand how the different reverse logistics disposition options impact a company's environmental performance. Environmental performance refers to how environmentally friendly and sustainable a company's operations and products are.

Profitability: Profitability is another dependent variable. The study aims to determine how the choice of reverse logistics disposition options influences a company's financial performance, particularly in terms of profitability.
Sales Growth: Sales growth is the third dependent variable. The research examines how the various disposition options for reverse logistics impact a company's sales growth.
Independent Variables:
The independent variables in this study are the five reverse logistics disposition options:
- Repair: The process of fixing and restoring products to their original functionality.
- Recondition: The process of refurbishing products to improve their condition and functionality.
- Remanufacture: The process of disassembling and rebuilding products to a like-new condition.
- Recycle: The process of breaking down products into reusable materials or components.
- Disposal: The process of discarding or getting rid of products that can no longer be used or repurposed.

The study also considers the moderating role of two factors:
- Regulatory Pressure: The influence of government regulations and policies on how companies engage in reverse logistics activities.
- Ownership Pressure: The pressure from stakeholders, shareholders, or owners of the company to adopt and implement certain reverse logistics strategies.
The study uses survey data collected from managers at 89 ISO14001 certified electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing firms. Regression models are used to test various hypothesized relationships.

In summary, this research explores the impact of different reverse logistics disposition options on environmental performance, profitability, and sales growth in the context of green supply chain management. It also examines the moderating effects of regulatory and ownership pressures on these relationships, providing insights that can inform business decisions and the implementation of reverse logistics strategies.


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我upload了pdf請教GoolgePDF他給了點資料:


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PDF: Welcome to this informative PDF file on the contingent role of institutional pressure in reverse logistics in Malaysia! This study provides valuable insights into the effects of disposition options on environmental performance, profitability, and sales growth.

Example questions:
1. What are the five disposition options for reverse logistics, and how do they impact environmental performance?
2. How does institutional pressure influence the adoption of extended producer responsibility in Malaysia?
3. Can this study's findings be applied to other countries with similar institutional contexts?

Me: What are the five disposition options for reverse logistics, and how do they impact environmental performance?

PDF: The five primary disposition options for reverse logistics are repair, recondition, remanufacture, recycle, and disposal. The study examines the relationship between each option and measures of performance in terms of environmental performance, profitability, and sales growth. The study hypothesizes that the employment of these disposition options is positively related to measures of performance. However, the specific impact of each option on environmental performance is not explicitly stated in the given texts. Me: How does institutional pressure influence the adoption of extended producer responsibility in Malaysia?


PDF: The lack of reverse logistics programs promoting product reuse initiatives in Malaysia suggests that the competition for recoverable assets is low and green consumerism has yet to permeate sociocultural systems. The model developed in the study excludes mimetic and normative pressure as institutional forces because only a very small number of firms in Malaysia have committed to product reprocessing, and the environmental sentiment of Malaysian consumers has yet to develop to a point where reclamation of EEE products might be seen as a requirement or anticipated norm. Therefore, the study suggests that regulatory and ownership pressures affect organization-wide commitment to product recovery activities. Me: Can this study's findings be applied to other countries with similar institutional contexts?


PDF: The study's findings may be applicable to other countries with similar institutional contexts, particularly those in East Asia. The study notes that the development of regulatory policy is important to promoting producers' involvement in pollution prevention initiatives. Examples of electronic waste and/or recycling regulations in East Asian countries, such as Japan's Home Appliances Recycling Law of 1998 and Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources Law of 2001, Korea's Extended Producer Responsibility in Recycling Law of 2003, and Taiwan's Waste Disposal Act of 1998, may serve as models for other countries. Additionally, investigating the influence of leading firms in requiring their pool of suppliers to comply with stricter regulations would assist sustainable supply chain management. However, it is important to note that the specific institutional contexts of each country may differ, and thus the findings may not be directly transferable without further research.

此外，我沒付費用給SCISPACE但有免費試用帳號，也是可以upload整篇pdf給他，以下是他幫忙的; 我覺得這個幫得最好。



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Abstract of the paper "Reverse logistics in Malaysia: The Contingent role of institutional pressure":

The study examines the effects of different reverse logistics disposition options on environmental performance, profitability, and sales growth, and investigates the moderating role of regulatory and ownership pressure on these relationships. It uses survey data from managers at ISO14001 certified electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing firms in Malaysia. The findings suggest that the use of disposition options can lead to increased levels of performance, particularly in the case of recondition and remanufacture activities. However, recycling and disposal activities may not necessarily result in performance improvements under regulatory pressures. The study recommends the implementation of legislative frameworks to motivate the adoption of reverse logistics product disposition activities. [1]

Contributions of the paper :
The paper contributes to the reverse logistics performance literature by examining the performance outcomes realized through the use of reverse logistics product disposition options. It investigates the effects of different disposition options on environmental performance, profitability, and sales growth .
The study also explores the moderating role of institutional pressures, specifically regulatory and ownership pressure, on the relationship between reverse logistics disposition options and performance levels. It finds that the presence of institutional pressure can influence the effectiveness of different disposition options .
The research highlights the importance of recovering valuable components during recondition and remanufacture activities, which contribute to enhanced environmental and economic benefits. It suggests that recycling and disposal activities may not necessarily lead to performance improvements under regulatory pressures .
The paper recommends the implementation of legislative frameworks, such as extended producer responsibility, to motivate the adoption and use of reverse logistics product disposition activities .
Overall, the study provides insights for businesses in making informed decisions regarding the adoption and use of reverse logistics strategies [1]

Practical implications of the paper:
Businesses can make informed decisions regarding the adoption and use of reverse logistics strategies based on the findings of this study.
Legislative frameworks, such as extended producer responsibility, are recommended to motivate the implementation of reverse logistics product disposition activities.
The recovery of valuable components during product recondition and remanufacture activities can contribute to enhanced environmental and economic benefits.
Regulatory pressure can have an impact on the effectiveness of different reverse logistics disposition options. Recycling and disposal activities may not necessarily lead to performance improvements under regulatory pressures.
The presence of institutional pressures, such as regulatory and ownership pressure, can influence the performance outcomes of reverse logistics disposition options. [1]
Financial incentives offered by the Malaysian government, such as grants and tax reductions, can serve as significant motivators for firms to adopt reverse logistics product disposition. [2]

Introduction of the paper:
Globalization and the advancement of information infrastructures have raised concerns about environmental and human health issues caused by mismanagement of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) waste.
The consumption rates of EEE have increased, leading to the need for manufacturers to take responsibility for collecting and properly disposing of products.
Malaysia, like other industrialized countries, has witnessed the growth of environmentally conscious practices, with EEE accounting for a significant value in manufacturing exports.
The introduction of governmental policies and guidelines, such as the "Guidelines for the Classification of Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Malaysia," aims to control the transboundary movement of e-waste and promote lifecycle stewardship.
Reverse logistics plays a crucial role in the recoverability of product returns and the proper disposition of products. It involves activities such as repair, recondition, remanufacture, recycle, and disposal.[1]
The paper aims to examine the effects of using each reverse logistics disposition option on environmental performance, profitability, and sales growth, while also considering the moderating role of institutional pressures.[2][1]

Literature survey of this paper:

Globalization and the advancement of information infrastructures have raised concerns about environmental and human health issues caused by mismanagement of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) waste .
The rising concern about transboundary movement of waste has encouraged the introduction of a new governmental policy entitled "Guidelines for the Classification of Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Malaysia" to control and restrict the exportation of e-waste .
Previous work in the areas of closed-loop supply chains, green supply chains, reverse logistics, and environmental management has identified five commonly adopted product disposition options: repair, recondition, remanufacture, recycle, and disposal .
Reverse logistics facilitates the recoverability of product returns and is a key component of the process .
Manufacturers are encouraged to shift from reactive approaches to pollution prevention to more proactive approaches that promote lifecycle stewardship and higher yields of recoverable products . Legislative requirements, such as extended producer responsibility, have been introduced to encourage collection and recovery of end-of-use products .
Firms face negative environmental publicity and non-compliance costs if proper reverse logistics processes are not established and followed .
The profitability of product disposition activities is promising when accompanied by well-planned strategies, as remanufactured or reclaimed products have lower costs .
It is important for firms to understand the implications of designing reverse logistics services . This research contributes to the reverse logistics performance literature by examining the performance outcomes of reverse logistics product disposition options and investigating the effects of institutional pressures on these relationships [1].

Methods used in this paper:
The paper utilizes survey data collected from managers at 89 ISO14001 certified electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing firms in Malaysia .
Regression models are employed to test a series of hypothesized relationships between reverse logistics disposition options and measures of performance, as well as the moderating role of institutional pressures .
The study considers both regulatory pressure and ownership pressure as forms of institutional pressure [1].
The hypothesized model is presented in a figure, illustrating the relationships between reverse logistics disposition options, institutional pressures, and performance measures . The number of employees is used as a control variable in the research to account for firm size and resource availability .
Interaction terms are examined to explore the combined effects of different reverse logistics disposition options on performance .
The survey was administered to Malaysian EEE manufacturing firms that have obtained ISO14001 certification for environmental management [2].

Data used in this paper:
The paper utilizes survey data collected from managers at 89 ISO14001 certified electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing firms in Malaysia .
The survey was administered to these firms, targeting the managers responsible for Environmental, Health, and Safety and/or ISO14001 compliance .
The sampling frame for the study was obtained from the FMM-MATRADE Industry Directory for Electrical and Electronics 2007-2008, from which 177 organizations were chosen .
Out of the 98 usable responses received, nine respondents were excluded from analysis as their organizations do not implement reverse logistics practices, resulting in a final sample size of 89 . The survey package was personalized and participants had the choice to return the survey through conventional mail or electronic mail .
The data collected from the survey was used to test a series of hypothesized relationships through regression models [1].

Results of the paper:
The study found that the use of different reverse logistics disposition options had varying effects on measures of performance. The recovery of valuable components during product recondition and remanufacture activities contributed to enhanced environmental and economic benefits. Product recycling and disposal activities were not necessarily performance-inducing initiatives in the face of regulatory pressures. The presence of institutional pressure, specifically regulatory pressure, influenced the relationship between reverse logistics disposition options and performance measures. Repair, recycle, and disposal options were found to evoke higher measures of performance when regulatory pressure was included. The results highlight the importance of regulatory policies in promoting producers' involvement in pollution prevention initiatives. The findings suggest that legislative frameworks regarding extended producer responsibility are recommended to motivate the implementation of reverse logistics product disposition activities. [1][2].

Conclusions from the paper:
The study found that the use of different reverse logistics disposition options had varying effects on measures of performance. The recovery of valuable components during product recondition and remanufacture activities contributed to enhanced environmental and economic benefits. Product recycling and disposal activities were not necessarily performance-inducing initiatives in the face of regulatory pressures. The presence of institutional pressure, specifically regulatory pressure, influenced the relationship between reverse logistics disposition options and performance measures. [1].
The results highlight the importance of regulatory policies in promoting producers' involvement in pollution prevention initiatives. [2].
Legislative frameworks regarding extended producer responsibility are recommended to motivate the implementation of reverse logistics product disposition activities. [1][2].

Limitations of this paper:
The study only focused on ISO14001 certified electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing firms, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other industries or firms with different environmental management qualifications.
The study did not investigate the influence of other components of reverse logistics management, such as reverse logistics information technology capabilities and innovation capabilities, as well as product acquisition, transportation and inventory management, and distribution and sales. Future studies could explore these aspects to provide a more comprehensive understanding of reverse logistics performance.
The study did not consider other components of institutional pressure, such as normative and mimetic pressure, which could further explain the framework under study. Including these components in future research could provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between institutional pressure and reverse logistics performance.
The study relied on survey data, which may be subject to response bias or limited by the participants' perspectives. Future research could consider using case study research design, such as semi-structured interviews or focus groups, to obtain more in-depth information on the challenges of implementing reverse logistics management.
The study suggested that knowledge diffusion from leading manufacturers in developed countries could be a valuable resource for sustainable supply chain management. However, the study did not explore this aspect in detail. Future research could investigate the influence of leading firms in requiring their suppliers to comply with stricter regulations. [1].

Future works suggested in this paper:
Future studies should investigate the influence of other components of reverse logistics management on performance measures, such as reverse logistics information technology capabilities, innovation capabilities, product acquisition, transportation and inventory management, and distribution and sales.
Further research could explore the impact of normative and mimetic pressure as additional components of institutional pressure on reverse logistics performance.
It is recommended to examine the knowledge diffusion of leading manufacturers from developed countries, particularly those that have progressed beyond legislative requirements, as a valuable resource for reverse logistics management[1].
Future studies could also consider the implementation of legislative frameworks regarding extended producer responsibility to motivate the adoption and use of reverse logistics strategies. Case study research design, such as semi-structured interviews or focus groups, could be employed to gain more in-depth insights into the challenges and benefits of implementing reverse logistics management[2].



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Bing: 企業永續與社會責任是一個涉及企業在經營過程中對環境、社會和治理的影響和責任的概念，它包含了許多不同的觀念和學說，例如ESG、CSR、SDGs等。

• 1999-CSR 是企業社會責任（Corporate Social Responsibility）的縮寫，它是聯合國在1999年所提出的廣泛概念，主要講述到企業在營利的同時也要顧及到道德規範、改善員工、社會生活品質等。CSR是企業主動承擔的責任，而ESG更像是投資人對企業評鑑的標準，以及達成SDGs永續目標的手段-1, [永續發展]。
• 2004-ESG 是環境（Environment）、社會（Social）和公司治理（Governance）三個關鍵字的縮寫，它是一種用來評估企業永續發展能力和風險管理能力的指標，也是投資人用來評估企業長期價值和財務表現的標準。ESG的概念最初被提出，可以回溯到2004年聯合國當時發佈一份《Who Cares Wins》報告，裡面提到ESG適用在企業在投資決策和風險管理流程的評估策略-1, [ESG懶人包] 。
• 2015-SDGs 是永續發展目標（Sustainable Development Goals）的縮寫，它是聯合國在2015年制定的17項目標，涵蓋了169項細項目標，期望在2030年實現全球永續。SDGs不只在企業管理和投資，更關注全球社會和環境議題，強調了消除貧窮、減緩氣候變遷、促進性別平權、健康福祉、教育平等、能源轉型、氣候行動等議題。

目前的情況是，隨著全球面臨氣候危機、社會不平等、公共衛生等挑戰，越來越多的企業意識到需要實踐永續與社會責任，並將其納入營運策略和風險管理中。同時，越來越多的投資人也重視ESG表現，並將其作為投資決策的重要依據。此外，許多國家和地區也制定了相關的法規和政策，要求企業揭露非財務資訊，例如減碳目標、供應鏈管理、員工福利等。因此，企業永續與社會責任已成為當代商業世界不可或缺的一部分。